In an alley in Denver, police gunned down a 17-year-old girl
joyriding in a stolen car. In the backwoods of North Carolina, police
opened fire on a gun-wielding moonshiner. And in a high-rise apartment
in Birmingham, Ala., police shot an elderly man after his son asked them
to make sure he was okay. Douglas Harris, 77, answered the door with a
gun.
The three are among at least 385 people shot and killed by
police nationwide during the first five months of this year, more than
two a day, according to a Washington Post analysis. That is more than
twice the rate of fatal police shootings tallied by the federal
government over the past decade, a count that officials concede is
incomplete.
“These shootings are grossly underreported,” said
Jim Bueermann, a former police chief and president of the
Washington-based Police Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated
to improving law enforcement. “We are never going to reduce the number
of police shootings if we don’t begin to accurately track this
information.”
A national debate is raging
about police use of deadly force, especially against minorities. To
understand why and how often these shootings occur, The Washington Post
is compiling a database of every fatal shooting by police in 2015, as
well as of every officer killed by gunfire in the line of duty. The Post
looked exclusively at shootings, not killings by other means, such as
stun guns and deaths in police custody.
Using interviews, police
reports, local news accounts and other sources, The Post tracked more
than a dozen details about each killing through Friday, including the
victim’s race, whether the person was armed and the circumstances that
led to the fatal encounter. The result is an unprecedented examination
of these shootings, many of which began as minor incidents and suddenly
escalated into violence.
Among The Post’s findings:
●About
half the victims were white, half minority. But the demographics
shifted sharply among the unarmed victims, two-thirds of whom were black
or Hispanic. Overall, blacks were killed at three times the rate of
whites or other minorities when adjusting by the population of the
census tracts where the shootings occurred.
●The
vast majority of victims — more than 80 percent — were armed with
potentially lethal objects, primarily guns, but also knives, machetes,
revving vehicles and, in one case, a nail gun.
●Forty-nine people
had no weapon, while the guns wielded by 13 others turned out to be
toys. In all, 16 percent were either carrying a toy or were unarmed.
●The
dead ranged in age from 16 to 83. Eight were children younger than 18,
including Jessie Hernandez, 17, who was shot three times by Denver
police officers as she and a carload of friends allegedly tried to run
them down.
The Post analysis also sheds light on the situations
that most commonly gave rise to fatal shootings. About half of the time,
police were responding to people seeking help with domestic
disturbances and other complex social situations: A homeless person
behaving erratically. A boyfriend threatening violence. A son trying to
kill himself.
Ninety-two victims — nearly a quarter of those killed — were identified by police or family members as mentally ill.
In
Miami Gardens, Fla., Catherine Daniels called 911 when she couldn’t
persuade her son, Lavall Hall, a 25-year-old black man, to come in out
of the cold early one morning in February. A diagnosed schizophrenic who
stood 5-foot-4 and weighed barely 120 pounds, Hall was wearing boxer
shorts and an undershirt and waving a broomstick when police arrived.
They tried to stun him with a Taser gun and then shot him.
The other half of shootings involved non-domestic crimes, such as
robberies, or the routine duties that occupy patrol officers, such as
serving warrants.
Nicholas T. Thomas, a 23-year-old black man,
was killed in March when police in Smyrna, Ga., tried to serve him with a
warrant for failing to pay $170 in felony probation fees. Thomas fled
the Goodyear tire shop where he worked as a mechanic, and police shot
into his car.
Although race was a dividing
line, those who died by police gunfire often had much in common. Most
were poor and had a history of run-ins with law enforcement over mostly
small-time crimes, sometimes because they were emotionally troubled.
Both
things were true of Daniel Elrod, a 39-year-old white man. Elrod had
been arrested at least 16 times over the past 15 years; he was taken
into protective custody twice last year because Omaha police feared he
might hurt himself.
On the day he died in February, Elrod robbed a
Family Dollar store. Police said he ran when officers arrived, jumping
on top of a BMW in the parking lot and yelling, “Shoot me, shoot me.”
Elrod, who was unarmed, was shot three times as he made a “mid-air leap”
to clear a barbed-wire fence, according to police records.
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